3. Available Radio Navigation Services And Emerging Technology

This section makes an assumption that there will be a change of radio-navigation user culture in the future. That is, instead of services provided for particular user groups, generic baseline services will provide all users with position and navigation information fulfilling the requirements of transport and hand portable mobile leisure, and work users ensuring safety and security. In the new age, all services will be based on generic base line technology using common services and high production core elements. These core elements will provide for standardised / harmonised baseline services reaching a mass market as well as enabling all manner of high precision positioning applications that require exact 360° position and guidance information.

Therefore radio-navigation of the future will be made up of existing and emerging base line services / technologies including:-

Satellite services

• GPS, and future GPS2 & 3
• Future GALILEO
• GLONAS

Terrestrial services

• LORAN / Chayka (possibility of convergence)
• OTDOA (Observed time difference of Arrival) - Handset
• E-OTD (Enhanced Observed Time Difference) - Handset
• AOA - Angle of Arrival (Triangulation of using cellular network Antenna Arrays) (Unlikely due to cost)

Indoor Services

• Blue tooth

The existing base line services can be augmented to improve their integrity and accuracy.

• GPS, by EGNOS (WAAS in US), EUROFIX (Loran based WAAS in US) or local and medium range Differential stations.

• Loran by Loran Hi Fix,

• EOTD by use in conjunction with GPS or future Galileo.

These and other emerging base line services will be supplemented by technological solutions (Psuedolites for example) to increase their integrity and accuracy enabling a number of safety critical and high accuracy / integrity applications. Previously these technologies were only found in the defence, aviation, and high value marine market, they were expensive and often tailor-made. However, providing all market sectors work together to produce baseline standards for software, timing, vertical and horizontal accuracy, telemetric and interoperability issues, they all can build on the base-line evolving generic products that will be affordable, increase safety and efficiency and benefit the environment. For this to take place, there is need for policy direction through the European Radio-navigation Plan of DG TREN and scientific RTD through DG INFSO for MOBILITY (not just transport).

Approximate accuracies for positions for existing & emerging services

Service / technology	Accuracy (m)	Indoor	Tunnels & Canyon	Outdoor
Cell ID	100 - 35000	Yes	Restricted	Yes
TA	550	Yes	Restricted	Yes
TOA	125	Yes	Restricted	Yes
AOA	125	Yes	Restricted	Yes
EOTD	50 - 150	Yes	Restricted	Yes
Bluetooth	< 30	Yes	No	No
GNSS	20 (4 in future)	GALILEO & AGPS	No	Yes
DGNSS	1 - 7	GALILEO & AGPS	No	Yes
LORAN	< 500	Yes	No	Yes
Pseudolites	0.001	Yes	Yes	Yes